RUBRICS AND EVALUATIONS
A library is a collection of sources, resources, and services, and the structure in which it is housed; it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. In the more traditional sense, a library is a collection of books. It can mean the collection, the building or room that houses such a collection, or both. The term "library" has itself acquired a secondary meaning: "a collection of useful material for common use," and in this sense is used in fields such as computer science, mathematics, statistics, electronics and biology.
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers).
Arecaceae is the first modern family of monocots that is clearly represented in the fossil record. Palms first appear in the fossil record around 80 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous Period. The first modern species, such as Nypa fruticans and Acrocomia aculeata, appeared 69-70 million years ago, confirmed by fossil Nypa pollen dated to 70 million years ago. Palms appear to have undergone an early period of adaptive radiation. By 60 million years ago, many of the modern, specialized genera of palms appeared and became widespread and common, much more widespread than their range today. Because palms separated from the monocots earlier than other families, they developed more intrafamilial specialization and diversity. By tracing back these diverse characteristics of palms to the basic structures of monocots, palms may be valuable in studying monocot evolution.
Taking the stem first, we may mention that it is in very many palms relatively tall, erect, unbranched, regularly cylindrical, or dilated below so as to form an elongated cone, either smooth, or covered with the projecting remnants of the former Palms leaves, or marked with circular scars indicating the position of those leaves which have now fallen away. It varies in. diameter from the thickness of a reed (as in Chamaedorea) to a sturdy pillar-like structure as seen in the date-palm, Palmyra palm or Talipot. In other cases the very slender Palm Tree stem is prostrate, scandent by means of formidable hooked prickles which, by enabling the plant to support itself on. The branches of neighboring Palms, also permit the stem to grow to a very great length and so to expose the foliage to the light and air above the tree-tops of the dense forests the Palm Tree grows in, as in the genus Calamus, the Rattan or Cane palms. In some few instances the trunk, or that portion of it which is above ground, is so short that the Palm Tree is in a loose way called “ stemless “ or “ acaulescent,” as in Geonoma, and as happens sometimes in the only species found in a wild state in Europe, Chamaerops humus. The vegetable ivory (Phytelephas) of equatorial America has a very short thick stem bearing a tall cluster of leaves which appears to rise from the ground. In many Palm Tree species the trunk is covered with a dense network of stiff fibers, often compacted together at the free ends into spines. This fibrous material, which is so valuable for cordage, consists of the fibrous tissue of the leafstalk, which in these cases persists after the decay of the softer portions. It is very characteristic of some palms to produce from the base of the stem a series of adventitious roots which gradually thrust themselves into the soil and serve to steady the Palm tree and prevent its overthrow by the wind. The underground stem of some species, e.g. of Calamus, is a rhizome, or root-stock, lengthening in a more or less horizontal manner by the development of the terminal bud, and sending up lateral branches like suckers from the root-stock, which form dense thickets of cane-like stems. The branching of the Palm Tree stem above ground is unusual, except in the case of the Doum palm of Egypt (Hyphaene) , where the stem forks, often repeatedly; this is due to the development of a branch to an equal strength with the main stem. In other cases branching, when present, is probably the result of some injury to the terminal bud at the top of the stem, in consequence of which buds sprout out from below the apex. The internal structure of the Palm Tree stem does not differ fundamentally from that-of a typical monocotyledonous stem, the taller, harder trunks owing their hardness not only to the fibrous or woody skeleton but also to the fact that, as growth goes on, the originally soft cellular ground tissue through which the fibers run becomes hardened by the deposit of woody matter within the cells, so that ultimately the cellular portions of the Palm Tree become as hard as the woody fibrous tissue.
The leaves of the Palms are either arranged at more or less distant intervals along the stem, as in the canes, or are approximated in tufts at the end of the stem, thus forming those noble crowns of foliage which are so closely associated with the general idea of a palm. In the young condition, while still unfolded, these Palm leaves, with the succulent end of the stem from which they arise, form “the cabbage,” which in some Palm species is highly esteemed as an article of food.
ut a very distinct appearance is given by the broad wedge-shaped leaflets of such palms as Caryotct, Martinezia or Mauritia. These forms run one into another by transitional gradations; and even in the same palm tree the form of the leaf is often very different at different stages of its growth, so that it is a difficult matter to name correctly seedling or juvenile palms in the condition in which we generally meet with them in the nurseries, or even to foresee what the future development of the Palms is likely to be. Like the other parts of the plant, the leaves are sometimes invested with hairs or spines; and, in some instances, as in the magnificent Ceroxylon andicola, the under surface is of a glaucous white or bluish color, from a coating of wax.
The inflorescence of the palm tree consists generally of a fleshy spike, either simple or much branched, studded with numerous, sometimes extremely numerous, flowers, and enveloped by one or more sheathing bracts called “spathes“. These parts may be small, or they may attain relatively enormous dimensions, hanging down from amid the Palm Tree crown of foliage like huge tresses, and adding greatly to the noble effect of the tree's leaves. In some cases, as in the Talipot palm, the tree only flowers once; it grows for many years until it has become a large Palms then develops a huge inflorescence, and after the fruit has ripened, the Palm tree dies.
Owing to the sexual arrangements before mentioned for the Palms, the pollen has to be transported by the agency of the wind or of insects to the Palm Tree's female flowers. This is facilitated sometimes by the elastic movements of the stamens and anthers, which liberate the pollen so freely at certain times that travelers speak of the date palms of Egypt (Phoenix dactylifera) being at daybreak hidden in a mist of pollen grains. In other Palm tree cases fertilization is effected by the agency of man, who removes the male flowers and scatters the pollen over the fruit-bearing trees. This practice has been followed in the case of the date from time immemorial; and it afforded one of the earliest and most irrefragable proofs by means of which the sexuality of plants was finally established. In the course of ripening of the fruit two of the carpel's with their ovules may become absorbed, as in the coco-nut, the fruit of which contains only one seed though the three carpel's are indicated by the three longitudinal sutures and by the presence of three germ-pores on the hard endocarp.
The Palms fruit is various in form, size and character; sometimes, as in the common date from a Palm Tree is a berry with a fleshy rind enclosing a hard stony kernel, the true seed; the fruit of Areca is similar; sometimes it is a kind of drupe as in Acrccomia, or the coconut, Cocos nucif era, where the fibrous central portion investing the hard shell corresponds to the fleshy portion 
of a plum or cherry, while the shell or nut corresponds to the stone of stone-fruits, the seed being the kernel. In Borassus the three seeds are each enclosed in a separate chamber formed by the stony endocarp. Sometimes, as in the Palm Tree species of Metroxylon, Raphia, and Daemonorops, the Palms fruit is covered with hard, pointed, reflexed shining scales, which give the Palm a very remarkable appearance.
The Palm tree seeds show a corresponding variety in size and shape, but always consist of a mass of Palm endosperm, in which is embedded a relatively very minute embryo. The hard stone of the date palm is the endosperm, the white oily flesh of the coco-nut is the same substance in a softer condition; the so-called “vegetable ivory” is derived from the endosperm of Phytelephas. In some Palms genera the inner seed coat becomes thickened along the course of the vascular bundles and growing into the endosperm produces the characteristic appearance in section known as ruminate—this is well shown in the Areca nut.
Their diversity is highest in wet, lowland tropical forests, especially in ecological "hotspots" such as Madagascar, which has more endemic palms than all of Africa. Colombia may have the highest number of palm species in one country.
Human use of palms is as old or older than human civilization itself, starting with the cultivation of the Date Palm by Mesopotamians and other Middle Eastern peoples 5000 years or more ago.[14] Date wood, pits for storing dates, and other remains of the Date Palm have been found in Mesopotamian sites. The Date Palm had a tremendous effect on the history of the Middle East.
• Before your seeds are shipped to you, insist the fruit is removed to avoid confiscation by the USDA.
• This means germinating outdoors in a small pot or the garden, nothing fancy. This can be successful with many species in you live in an area that gets adequate heat and not too cold. One should avoid direct sunlight on most species and keep the soil somewhat damp.
Link to the database results:
http://202.44.68.214/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=12541V326817D.321750&profile=main&uri=link=3100015@!53449@!3100001@!3100002&aspect=basic_search&menu=search&ri=1&source=202.44.68.214@!hzndb&term=DATABASE&index=SUBJECT#focus
Many wonder why Nobel established the Nobel Prize. It has often been assumed that he sought to make restitution for creating dynamite. Nobel did catch a glimpse of a French obituary for himself when his brother died and a French newspaper thought Nobel had died. Among other colorful terms, the newspapers called Alfred Nobel a “merchant of death.” Thus the restitution to reward the positive aspects of the world remains the popular theory on the establishment of the Nobel Prize.
Instead of the SPU library website, I visited the Encarta website online.
VIII History
The reference book is usually very topic related in a professional and advisory matter. The general book on the other side is rather related to stories, free writing and expression. A general book can for example be a novel of an author, a storybook. The reference books can be dictionaries, manuals etc. We refer to reference books in order to get answers on questions, whereas the general books might rather be of an entertaining nature.
Anytime a question arises, may it be about an electronic device, missing vocabulary or any knowledge we want to gain, then we may refer to reference books in order to find the answers.
Authorship:
Sources:
Recently I read various source websites about King Rama IV, as for the subject Thai Studies the students are requested to issue a presentation about various Kings of Thailand, where my group has Rama IV to issue a presentation about.
"Definition of Information Literacy
